Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms joined by single and double bonds to form a closed or partially closed network with fused rings of five to seven atoms. Molecules can be hollow spheres, ellipsoids, tubes, or many other shapes and sizes. Graphene (isolated a

Applications[edit]Fullerenes have been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications, including the design of high-performance MRI contrast agents, X-ray imaging contrast agents, photodynamic therapy, and drug and gene delivery, summarized in several comprehensive reviews. [78]Cancer research[

Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) is a natural compound present in a variety of bacteria. It is a compatible solute that helps organisms survive extreme osmotic pressure by acting as an osmolyte as a protective substance. Ecrine is abundant in halophilic microorganism

Copper Peptide GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine. This tripeptide has a strong affinity for copper(II) and was originally isolated from human plasma. It can also be found in saliva and urine.Overview[edit]Several copper(II)-peptide complexes

Xylan (/ˈzaɪlæn/;[3] /ˈzaɪlən/[4]) (CAS number: 9014-63-5) is a hemicellulose, a polysaccharide mainly composed of xylose residues. It is present in secondary cell walls of plants, dicots and all cell walls of grasses. [5] Xylan is the third most abundant biopolymer on Earth, after cellulose and chi

Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpenoid with the molecular formula C30H50. It is a colorless oil, but impure samples are yellow. It was originally extracted from shark liver oil (hence the name, since dogfish is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12 percent of the squalene in the human b

Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpenoid with the molecular formula C30H50. It is a colorless oil, but impure samples are yellow. It was originally extracted from shark liver oil (hence the name, since dogfish is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12 percent of the squalene in the human b

Squalene is an organic compound. It is a triterpenoid with the molecular formula C30H50. It is a colorless oil, but impure samples are yellow. It was originally extracted from shark liver oil (hence the name, since dogfish is a genus of sharks). An estimated 12 percent of the squalene in the human b

Ceramides are a class of waxy lipid molecules. Ceramides are composed of N-acetylceramide and fatty acids. Ceramides are abundant in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells because they are the lipid components that make up sphingomyelin, one of the main lipids in lipid bilayers. [1] Contrary to prev

Idebenone and its usesIdebenone (pronounced eye-deb-eh-known and sold under the trade names Catena, Raxone, Sovrima, and others) is a drug originally developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company to treat Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive deficits . [1] This has had limited success. Swiss company

A polymer (/ˈpɒlɪmər/;[4][5] Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, consisting of many repeating subunits. [6] Due to their wide range of properties,[7] synthetic and natural polymers play important and ubiquitous role

Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acid glutamic acid (GA). Gamma PGA (poly-gamma-glutamic acid, γ-PGA)—a form in which the peptide bond is located between the amino group of GA and the carboxyl group at the end of the side chain of GA—is the main component of the Japanese food natto.

Allantoin is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H6N4O3. It is also known as 5-ureidohydantoin or glyoxyldiureide. [1][2] It is a diurea of glyoxylic acid. Allantoin is a major metabolic intermediate in most organisms, including animals, plants and bacteria. It is produced from uric aci

Polyquaternium is an international cosmetic ingredient nomenclature that refers to several polycationic polymers used in the personal care industry. Polyquaternium is a neologism used to emphasize the presence of quaternary ammonium centers in polymers. INCI has approved at least 40 different polyme

Magnesium phosphate is a general term for magnesium salts and phosphates that occur in several forms and in several hydrated forms.monomagnesium phosphateMonomagnesium phosphate is a form of magnesium phosphate. It is a magnesium salt of phosphoric acid with the chemical formula Mg(H2PO4)2. Dihydrat

Aminolevulinic acid Side effects 5-Aminolevulinic acid), an endogenous non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway that leads to heme in mammals [3] and chlorophyll in plants [4].5ALA for photodynamic detection and surgery of cancer.Medical use[edit]As a pr

Sodium ascorbate is one of many mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as mineral ascorbate. It has not been shown to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplementation. [2]So

Kojic acid and its usesKojic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOCH2C5H2O2OH. It is a derivative of 4-pyrone that occurs in nature as a chelating agent produced by various fungi, especially Aspergillus oryzae, whose common name in Japan is koji. [2][3][4] Kojic acid is a by-produ

5 Skincare benefits of licorice root extract (glycyrrhizinate)What is licorice root and what are its skin care benefits? Licorice root, derived from the Glycyrrhiza glabra plant, has long been revered in Japan for its medicinal properties and health benefits. Scientists have recently discovered that

Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid or glycyrrhizic acid) is the main sweetening component of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root. Structurally, it is a saponin that is used as an emulsifier and gel former in food and cosmetics. Its aglycone is enoxone.Pharmacokinetics[edit]After oral admini