TopologySchlegel diagrams are often used to elucidate the 3D structure of closed-shell fullerenes, since 2D projections are often not ideal in this sense. [53]In mathematical terms, the combinatorial topology (i.e. carbon atoms and bonds between them, neglecting their positions and distances) of clo

Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms joined by single and double bonds to form a closed or partially closed network with fused rings of five to seven atoms. Molecules can be hollow spheres, ellipsoids, tubes, or many other shapes and sizes. Graphene (isolated a

Applications[edit]Fullerenes have been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications, including the design of high-performance MRI contrast agents, X-ray imaging contrast agents, photodynamic therapy, and drug and gene delivery, summarized in several comprehensive reviews. [78]Cancer research[